Second Great Awakening On Teaching on ... Grid – Aug. 2023
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Legend for Cells |
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W = Wrote explicitly on this teaching |
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I = Implied this is true or opposite is false |
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N = Implied since accepted Nicene Creed |
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M = Mixed: some agree, others would not |
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P = partial ex: Irenaeus: Gnostics wrong to say Savior not killed since impassible |
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- = no reference found (so far) |
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X = Disagree |
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blank = not researched yet |
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Writer totals include W’s & I’s but not P’s |
Rows: blue=Bible manuscript, white=Christian writer, khaki=spurious, green=heresy, orange=schism, pink=strange writer, yellow=foreign missions, red=Christians persecuted, purple=Roman Catholics persecuting, brown=Christians persecuting
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Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript |
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Date A.D. |
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Second Great Awakening in North America & England |
1790-1840 |
Presbyterians, Methodists, Campbellites |
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Adam Clarke Irish Wesleyan commentator |
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1782-1832 |
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Friedrich Schleiermacher, father of Christian liberalism |
1802-1834 |
Rationalist reformed theologian who rejected the virgin birth of Christ. First to reject Paul’s authorship of Ephesians. Greatly valued Plato and Spinoza. |
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Medical Missionary Society founded in Scotland |
1841 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.140 |
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Revival in Norway. |
1842 |
Revival in the state church. Norwegian Mission Society started. |
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Turks & Kurds persecute Nestorians (2 times) |
1842-1843 |
40K Nestorians killed, 50K enslaved per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.140 |
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Fidelia Fiske, missionary with ABCFM in Persia |
1843 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.140 |
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About 4,000 rural circuit riders in the U.S. |
1844 |
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Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) |
1844 |
Originally founded by evangelicals, in the USA it has lost its Christian vision |
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Persian Nestorian revival In Urmia, NW Iran |
1844 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.140 |
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K. von Tischendorf finds Codex Sinaiticus near Mt. Sinai |
1844 |
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First missionaries to Tanganyika |
1840’s |
Johann Ludwig Krapf, Johannes, Rebman, and Jakob Erhardt |
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Southern Baptist Convention started |
1845- |
Split from Northern Baptists over slave-owning missionaries. 2/3 did not own slaves. |
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Thomas Clarkson, British anti-slavery activist |
1785-1846 |
Worked with Wilberforce and others to abolish slavery in Great Britain and the U.S. |
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Apparition of Mary of La Sallette (near Grenoble, France), a few hundred miles from Lourdes. |
1846 |
Message to rest on the seventh day and respect God’s name or else the potatoes would rot. There was a potato famine in Europe 1846-1847. |
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Badr Khan massacres 20K Nestorians in Kurdistan. Enslave 50K others |
1843 & 1846 |
Europeans protest. Ottomans respond by defeating the Kurds and exiling Badr Khan. |
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The Doctrinal Basis of the Evangelical Alliance |
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1846 |
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Lutheran Church Missouri Synod (LCMS). 1970 2.9M |
1847- |
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Fifth persecution of Christians in Vietnam |
1847 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.140 |
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James Caughey of New York |
1841-1848 |
c.20K in England per World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.140 |
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Pope Pius IX of Rome restores Jewish restrictions |
1846-1848 |
All previous restrictions on Jews enforced in the Vatican |
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Plymouth Brethren split into Exclusive Brethren and Open Brethren (still called Plymouth Brethren) |
1848 |
Both groups are dispensationalist evangelical Christians. |
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Confession of the Evangelical Free Church of Geneva |
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1848 |
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Thailand expels all Christian missionaries |
1849 |
Not violent though. World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.242 |
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Christadelphians deny the Trinity, and H.S. Satan as beings. 1985 only 90K members |
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1849- |
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Persian Nestorian revival in Iran |
1949,1950 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.140 |
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Medieval Inquisition in France & Europe |
1184-mid 19th cent. |
Tortured & executed Anabaptists, Protestants, & a few Catholics |
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Adoniram & Ann Judson missionaries to Burma |
1825-1850 |
Adiniram knew Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. He translated the Bible into Burmese. |
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Babis |
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1844-1850 |
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Azalis & Baha'is, offshoots of Islam |
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1850 & 1863- |
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French nurse and nun Bertine Bouquillon |
-1950 |
Predicts the end of time is near and Antichrist will not delay |
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Estimated 324 million Christians. World pop. 1.203B |
1850 |
World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.97. 27% of 1.203 billion world population |
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Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod split from LCMS. They believe the papacy is the antichrist. c.300K members. |
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1850- |
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Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. A very influential book before the Civil War |
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1852 |
Calvinist and abolitionist. She said she wrote it, after seeing a vision of a dying black person during a communion service. |
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18 Apparitions of Mary of Lourdes, France appeared only to a 14-year old girl. About 6 million visit the shrine yearly |
1858 |
There have been many reports of miracles at Lourdes; some have proven to be hoaxes, but 70 are verified. |
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Soren Kierkegaard – Danish philosopher |
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1843-1855 |
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Tokugawa Shoguns persecute Christians in Japan |
1629-1856 |
Those who refused to trample pictures of Jesus or Mary tortured & killed. Many thousands killed |
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First American missionaries allowed in Japan |
1858 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.140 |
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Reorganized LDS splits from LDS |
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1860- |
Followed Joseph Smith’s Smith as Smith prophesied, instead of Brigham Young |
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Queen Ranavalona I of Madagascar |
1828-1861 |
Killed half of the people of Madagascar (2.5 million), especially Christians |
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Sixteenth persecution of Christians in Vietnam |
1861 |
H. Hermosilla, V.B. Ochoa killed. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.242 |
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Lebanese Druze kill 20K Maronites |
1847-1862 |
100K homeless, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.140 |
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Ellen G. White & 7th Day Adventists 16m 1990 |
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1863- |
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“Great persecution” of Catholics in Korea |
1866 |
8,000 killed |
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Revivals in the Netherlands |
c.1860 |
G. van Pinsterer & Abraham Kuyper, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.142 |
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Revivals in USA in both south (150K) and north |
1857-1861 |
Stopped when the Civil War started. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.141 |
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Abraham de Vries, Mennonite theologian |
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1801-1862 |
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Universal Catholic Church (=new Apostolic Church) |
1863- |
48 apostles. 1985 1.7 million. Not work with other churches, per World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.142 |
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Tai-ping rebellion by Hung Hsiu-Chuan, “Jesus’ brother” |
1843-1864 |
Rebelled to found the “Great Peaceful Heavenly Kingdom” 35 million killed |
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China Inland Mission founded by Hudson Taylor |
1865- |
Also Griffith John, W.A.P. Martin. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.142 |
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Scotch-Irish Presbyterian minister Nathaniel West |
1820-9/1864 |
Missionary, minister, temperance society founder, and anti-slavery activist |
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St. Ignaty Brianchaninov (Orthodox, icons) |
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1807-1867 |
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First national Holiness Camp meeting in Vinland, New Jersey |
1867 |
Had shouting, dancing in the Spirit, holy laughter, holy rolling, per World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.142 |
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Confession of Free-Will Baptists |
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1834 & 1868 |
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First Vatican Council. 700 R.C. bishops |
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1869-1870 |
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Creed of the Free Christian Church in Italy |
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June 1870 |
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Tientsin, China, many Christians killed |
1870 |
2 French priests, 10 nuns, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.140 |
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Insider Movement to Hindus (founded by Kali Chan Banurji) |
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1870- |
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Danish Lutheran N.F. S. Grundvig |
1783-1872 |
Wanted to absorb heroic Norse mythology into Lutheranism. |
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Jehovah’s Witnesses (Watchtower) (8.3 million) |
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1872- |
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Frederick Maurice. Christian Socialism founder |
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1859-1871 |
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Eastern Orthodox “Great Synods” |
1838/1872 |
Leaders of Greek, Russian, and Arab Orthodox Christians all gathered together |
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French Declaration of Faith (Reformed) |
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1872 |
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Salesian Sisters (FMA) in Italy |
1872- |
by 1983 over 17,269 nuns, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.142 |
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Charles Hodge, Reformed, Traducian theologian |
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1871-1873 |
Systematic Theology |
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David Livingstone, missionary to Africa |
1813-1873 |
Besides evangelizing natives wanted to expose to the world the “horrors” of slavery |
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Marcus & Narcissa Whitman. Henry & Eliza Spalding |
1837-1847-1874 |
Presbyterian missionaries to the Nez Perce, Spokane, Cayuse, and other Indians. First white women in the northwest. |
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Charles Finney, Arminian revivalist |
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1825-1875 |
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Articles of Religion of the Reformed Episcopal Church in America |
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May 18, 1875 |
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Keswick Convention, annual since 1875 |
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1875- |
Evangelical Christians in Great Britain. Founded by an Anglican and a Quaker |
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Scottish Anglican-Methodist revivalist Robert Aitken |
1833-1873 |
Preached the imminent return of Christ. Allowed to preach in Methodist churches. |
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Salvation Army founded by William Booth and his wife Catherine Munford |
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1870-1878- |
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Liberal Protestant, Episcopalian |
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19th century |
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Julius Mueller. Protestant theologian, pre-existence of souls |
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1839-1878 |
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Mary Baker Eddy & Christian Science 1.4m 1990 |
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1875/79- |
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Ethiopians force Muslims and pagans to be Christians |
c.1880 |
Force 500K Gallas to be baptized per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.144 |
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Christians exterminated in the Sudan |
1880’s |
“The Mahdi”, Muhammad Ahmad has all Christians in the Sudan killed |
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John N. Darby. Plymouth Brethren. A founder of modern dispensationalism. |
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1825-1882 |
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Edward Pusey. Anglo-Catholic in the Oxford Movement |
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1825-1882 |
A founder of the Oxford Movement of “high-Anglicanism”. Said Christ’s presence in the Eucharist, pray to and for the dead. |
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H.P.S. Schreuder Norwegian Lutheran missionary to Zulus |
1843-1882 |
Also acted as an intermediary between the British and Zulus. |
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Isabella van Wagener (aka Sojourner Truth), a black slave |
1843-1883 |
Christian Ministry across the US for end of slavery and women’s rights |
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Revivals in Japan |
1872,1883 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.143 |
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1 million Telugu outcasts become Christian in South India |
1872,1883 |
Baptists, Lutherans, and Methodists per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.143 |
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In Madagascar revolt from French, many Christians killed |
1883 |
Friar J. Berthieu killed. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.242 |
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First Protestant church in Korea |
1884 |
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Edict of Tu Duc. Vietnamese to kill Roman Catholics |
1851-1884 |
Killed 90K Catholics and 115 priests, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.141 |
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In Uganda 250 Anglicans and Roman Catholics martyred |
1885 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.242 |
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Encyclical Letter of Pope Leo XIII |
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1885 |
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A.A. Hodge (Traducian Presbyterian) |
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1847-1886 |
Presbyterian, missionary to India, important theologian. Said he taught nothing new (i.e. beyond the Bible and those before him) |
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Catholics, Anglicans, and Muslims killed in Buganda, and 6/3/1886 in Namugongo, Uganda |
1885-1887 |
Homosexual king Mwanga II of Buganda kills 250 Catholic and Anglican Christians, and Muslims, who were against homosexuality. Muslims overthrow him in 1888. |
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Student Volunteer Movement |
1886-1887 |
Started by D.L. Moody in Northfield, Mass., and spread to Great Britain. |
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John Henry Newman Anglican priest to Roman Catholic |
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1845-1890 |
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In Bhutan Nepali & Lepcha missionaries from India killed |
1890 |
Many were poisoned. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.242 |
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Samuel Crowther (former slave) |
1843-1891 |
Missionary from Sierra Leone to Nigeria. First non-European Anglican bishop |
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James & Mary Calvert and John & Hannah Hunt |
1838-1892 |
Two Methodist families (one Calvinist and one Arminian) evangelize cannibals in Fiji |
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Charles Spurgeon. almost 3,600 sermons |
49 vols. |
1854-1892 |
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Sudan Interior Missions (later SIM International) |
1893- |
In 1985 654 missionaries in 15 nations per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.145 |
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Baptist preacher A.J. Gordon |
1863-1895 |
Also a musician, social activist, and college founder. Preached with D.L. Moody. |
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Nazarene Church formed |
1895 |
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Liberals and masons persecute Catholics in Ecuador |
1895 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.145 |
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The Fundamentals of Protestant fundamentalism |
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1895 |
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Turks kill 300,000 Armenians |
1894-1895 |
Armenians tried to be independent like the Balkans, so Turks killed most of them |
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Charles Sheldon |
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1896 |
Wrote In His Steps, about What Would Jesus Do. Has sold 50 million copies. |
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Henry Drummond, Free Church of Scotland |
1877–1897 |
Influential evangelist. He advocated theistic evolution |
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Discovering malaria’s cause greatly helps mission work |
1897 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.146 |
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Gadadhar Chatterji founds Ramakirshna religion |
1850-1897- |
Claims to be the unity of all religions. Group organized by Swami Vivekananda. |
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Presbyterian pastor James H. Brooks |
1854-1897 |
Dispensationalist, Millennialist. Niagara Bible Conference, magazine editor |
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George F. Muller. Plymouth Brethren. Helped 10,024 orphans, founded 117 schools. Accused of raising the poor above their natural station. |
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1830/1836-1898 |
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D.L. Moody & Ira Sankey evangelists |
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1860-1899 |
Preached in America and Great Britain |
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Unity Church (Charles Fillmore a founder) |
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1899- |
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James Martineau, Unitarian heretic |
1840-1900 |
Did not believe in the Incarnation of Jesus |
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Gideons International started |
1899 |
by 1987 over 400 million Bibles. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.146 |
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Estimated 400M or 558M Christians. World pop. 1620M |
1900 |
Ante-Nicene Fathers vol.4 p.126 or World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.97,642 |
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Boxer rebels in N. China kill many Christians |
1900 |
188 Protestant missionaries, 5 RC bishops, 31 priests. World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.242 |
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Pentecostal Movement, Assemblies of God stared in Topeka, Kansas |
|
1900 |
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Pacific Islanders convert from Christianity to Mormonism |
1855-1900 |
1855 Hawaiian Book of Mormon translation. Hawaiian temple dedicated in 1909 |
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First International Congress of Liberal Religion |
1900 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.146 |
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D.W. Whittle, hymn writer (wrote words, not music) |
1862-1901 |
friend of D.L. Moody. “to do good a hymn must be founded on God's word and carry the message of God's love.” |
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Presbyterian A.T. Pierson |
1869-1911 |
Advocate for faith missions. Succeeded Spurgeon at the Metropolitan Tabernacle. Preached 13,000 sermons. Friends with Scofield, Moody, & Muller |
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American Standard Version (ASV 1901) |
1901 |
Scholars worked with English 1895 RV translators |
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Scottish preacher Alexander MacLaren |
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1858-1903 |
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Japan Evangelistic Band |
1903- |
Barclay Fowell Buxton and Paget Wilkes founded at the 1903 Keswick Convention |
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Hudson and Maria Taylor, missionaries to China |
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1832-1905 |
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Shintoists kill 5K Christians in Manchuria, China |
1905 |
Persecution of Christians and others, from the USSR to the Khmer Rouge |
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Pentecostal C.F. Parham preaches British –Israelism |
1906 |
Said when missionaries speak in tongues, then native peoples will understand them. Missionaries report only failure, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.146,147 |
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Evan Roberts brings Welsh revival. 100K Welsh saved |
1904-1907 |
Also Germany, Switz., & England. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.147 |
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Aquarian Gospel of Jesus Christ, by L.H. Dowling |
1907 |
Claims Jesus studied Hinduism under gurus. Earth is leaving the zodiacal Age of Pisces (Christianity) and entering the Age of Aquarius (New Age) |
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In Adana, Cilicia, Turkey, Armenians killed |
1909 |
Armenian Evangelical Union Christians massacred at their annual conference. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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William J. Sparrow |
123.75 |
1909 |
Wrote Roman Catholic Opposition to Papal Infallibility |
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C.I. Scofield’s Reference Bible |
|
1909 |
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Baptist missionaries Eric Lund, Braulio Manikan |
1900-1904 |
Planted churches in the Philippines |
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Presbyterian A.T. Pierson |
1869-1911 |
Advocate for faith missions. Succeeded Spurgeon at the Metropolitan Tabernacle. Preached 13,000 sermons. Friends with Scofield, Moody, & Muller |
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Wallace Wattles , New Thought writer and Socialist |
1896-1911 |
Wrote The Science of Getting Rich. Excommunicated by the Methodists. |
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Henry Bavinck (Reformed) |
|
1906-1911 |
Reformed Dogmatics and Our Reasonable Faith |
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Lottie Moon Baptist missionary to China
|
-1913 |
Highly educated. Worked in a small village in Shantung, China. Died of malnourishment (only 50 pounds) after helping villagers after the Yellow River floods |
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Millionaire missionary William Borden of Yale. |
1887-1913 |
Led Christian group of 1,000 at Yale. Died in Egypt of brain meningitis at 25 years old, studying Arabic to minister to Muslim Chinese with China Inland Mission. |
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Turks kill many Estorians in Urmia, Iran |
1914 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Presbyterian pastor W.G. Moorehead |
1862-1914 |
Missionary, Pastor, and seminary president |
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Oneness Pentecostalism (denies the Trinity) |
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1914- |
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Mary Slessor
|
-1/13/1915 |
Protestant missionary to Nigeria. Contracted malaria on her first mission trip, 1876, and had fevers the rest of her life as a missionary. She stopped infanticide of twins. |
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Ottoman Turks and Kurds kill 600K Armenians after revolt |
1915 |
600K others deported, many of whom also died. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Charles de Foucauld, missionary to Tamanrasset, Algeria |
1905-1916 |
Killed by Muslims during a revolt, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.147 |
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Ottoman Turks kill 1/5 of Maronites in Lebanon (100K) |
1916 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Andrew Murray (S. Africa) 50 books 190 tracts. Founder of the Africa Evangelical Fellowship |
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1848-1917 |
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Turks & Kurds kill Nestorians and assassinate leader. |
1917 |
Catholicas mar Benjamin Shimun XIX killed. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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5 Apparitions of Mary of Fatima, Portugal. |
1917 |
Gave three secret messages, the second being to devote yourself to the immaculate heart of Mary. One alleged miracle was a temporary change in the appearance of the sun. A photograph was taken of the sun at the same time, showing nothing unusual. |
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Evan Henry Hopkins, Holiness writer |
1871-1918 |
Said cannot be holy by imitating Christ. Rather count ourselves dead to sin and let Christ work through us. [Half wrong, because Christ is our example.] |
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Baptist Walter Rauschenbusch starts the social gospel |
1898-1918 |
God and USA fight on the same side against Spain. Against US entering WW I |
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Turks kill 80% of all Syrian Orthodox |
1918 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Julius Wellhausen |
|
1872-1918 |
Popularized the JEPD theory of 4 authors of the Pentateuch |
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A.B. Simpson a founder of the C&MA |
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1865-1919 |
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Japanese kill Christians and missionaries in Korea |
1919 |
Suwon church filled with women and kids burned down. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Karl Barth |
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1919 |
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Le Van Trung founds Cao Daist Missionary Church in Vietnam |
1919- |
Mixture of Buddhism, Confucian ethics, ancestor worship, and Catholic-type organization. 1975 2.8 million, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.149 |
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Handley Moule, Anglican theologian, Keswick Convention speaker, many publications |
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1865-1920 |
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Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati. Brahmin, Sanskrit scholar, and charismatic Christian |
|
1883-1920 |
She campaigned against marriage of little girls, translated the Bible into Marathi, She opened a home for girls. |
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Turks kill Armenian Christians at Marash and Hadjin |
1920 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Church of God Cleveland, Pentecostal Holiness church |
1920- |
Plotted to kill Hitler, and denied the physical resurrection of Christ |
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Roman Catholic Cardinal James Gibbons |
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1868-1921 |
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B.B. Warfield. Calvinist professor and principal of Princeton Seminary |
|
1881-1921 |
Wrote on inerrancy. “There have been many evolutionists who have been and have remained theists and Christians” Said spiritual gifts passed away. |
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Belgians persecute lnative churches in Congo |
1921 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Communist persecutions |
1922- |
Persecution of Christians and others, from the USSR to the Khmer Rouge |
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Lenin kills 8.6K priests, monks & nuns |
1921-1924 |
Kills even more lay Orthodox, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.150 |
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PC USA Auburn Affirmation. 1274 signers |
2.5 |
Jan. 1924 |
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Russell H. Conwell (Baptist) in Philadelphia. Largest church in the USA |
1879-1925 |
You can find diamonds in your backyard if you look, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.143 |
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Scopes Trial (William Jennings Bryan vs. Clarence Darrow |
July 1925 |
A fine for teaching evolution in public schools |
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Roland Allen, Anglican missionary to N. China |
|
1895-1927 |
wrote Missionary Methods: St. Paul’s or ours? Start indigenous churches, not missions. |
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R.A. Torrey, a leading American Dispensationalist |
|
1878-1928 |
Baptist who believed in baptism of the Holy Spirit |
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R.A. Torrey and C.M. Alexander team up |
1902-1928 |
Brought 130K to Christ, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.147 |
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ex-Sikh Sundar Singh |
1909-1929 |
Preached to Sikhs and in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir. disappeared going to Tibet |
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Frederick Brotherton Meyer, higher life speaker |
|
1869-1929 |
Friend of D.L. Moody. Preached in England against drunkenness and prostitution. |
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Lillias Trotter missionary to Algeria |
1887-1928 |
“Truly if God needed weakness, He had it!” |
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Mexico tries to exterminate Presbyterians in Tabasco |
1930 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.151 |
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C. T. Studd, missionary to China, India, & Africa |
1888-1931 |
Only one life 'twill soon be past. Only what's done for Christ will last. |
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|
Cam Townsend. Wycliffe Bible translators
|
1934- |
Thousands of translations. After 2010, some translations, like Turkish and Arabic, take out the word "Father" and "son" |
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Charles Gore. Anglo-Catholic (Anglican with many Catholic views) |
|
1875-1932 |
Said Christ on earth, though sinless, emptied himself of all other attributes of Godhead. Founded the Christian Social Union for helping the poor. |
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Navigators Christian Fellowship |
1933- |
International Fellowship for college students and military |
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G.K. Chesterton (Roman Catholic) |
|
1874-1936 |
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Stalin destroy s80% of all Ukrainian Orthodox churches |
1928-1936 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.151 |
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Alphonse Mingana Chaldean Catholic theologian |
|
1913-1937 |
Collected many Mideast manuscripts financed by Cadbury (of chocolate fame) |
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Shantung Revival throughout all of China |
|
1927-1937 |
One of the largest Baptist revivals |
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Wilbur M. Smith. Apologist at Moody Bible Inst. A Plea for Vigorous Apologetic |
|
1940’s |
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Many Latvian clergy killed |
1934 |
Archbishop John Pommer or Riga killed. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Billy Sunday, famous American evangelist |
|
1891-1935 |
Former pro baseball player, Presbyterian but not a strong Calvinist. Never critical of Roman Catholicism. Conservative Christian influential in passing Prohibition. |
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William E. Blackstone. Dispensationalist |
1866-1935 |
Influential preacher who advocated returning Israel to the Jews. Wrote the Blackstone Memorial, signed by 413 Christian and Jewish leaders. |
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USSR underground churches persecuted |
1935 |
I.E. Voronaev killed. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Willis and Mary Ann Hoover. |
1902-1936 |
They founded the Pentecostal Methodist Church in Chile. |
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In Russian communist shoot 85,300 clergy |
1937 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Russian Orthodox Saint Simon Silouan of Athos |
|
1893-1938 |
Barely literate |
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|
Robert Wilder |
1986-1938 |
Started the Student Volunteer Movement, from a 1-month D.L. Moody Conference |
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Soviets persecute Orthodox and Catholics in Armenia |
1938 |
Catholicos Khoren I martyred, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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Xinjiang, China, Muslims & Communists persecute |
1938 |
Uighur church of 300 destroyed. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.243 |
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InterVarsity Christian Fellowship |
1941- |
International Fellowship for college students |
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|
Aimee Semple McPherson |
|
1908-1944 |
Most well-known Pentecostal preacher and faith healer in her time. |
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Jews intermittently expelled or attacked |
1009-1939 |
Jews attacked by mobs, pogroms, or expelled in Europe & North Africa |
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|
Rudolf Bultmann "demythologizing the Bible" |
|
1941 |
|
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Wilson Carlile, British evangelist and musician |
1873-1942 |
Former wealthy businessman. Inspired by Moody, worked in the slums |
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Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Lutheran |
|
-1945 |
Plotted to kill Hitler, and denied the physical resurrection of Christ |
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Alfred North Whitehead, mathematician, process philosophy. God evolves with the world. |
|
1910-1941 |
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La Violencia in Colombia kills 300K Protestants |
1944 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.154 |
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Ernst Loymeyer Conservative German theologian. Wrote 300 works. Friends with Jews, against Nazis and Communism. Soviets executed him. |
|
1912-1946 |
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Presbyterian USA Robert Speer |
1889-1947 |
Student Volunteer Movement Recruiter. Opposed Machen, like Karl Barth. Wrote two articles in The Fundamentals |
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R.H. Bowman & Far Eastern Broadcasting Company |
1947- |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.155 |
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World Council of Churches |
|
1948- |
Liberal. 1990 had 404 million members. Supported Marxist guerillas in Zimbabwe. |
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United Bible Societies holds first meeting |
1948 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.156 |
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W.E Vine, Plymouth Brethren, Dispensationalist |
1905-1949 |
Wrote Vine’s Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, Bible studies |
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Estimated 856 million Christians. 881K martyrs/year |
1950 |
World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.642,156. 34% of 2.5 billion world pop. |
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North Korea kills Christians, including 500 pastors |
1940-1950 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.157 |
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Charismatic Simon Kimbangu founds EJCSK church |
1921-1951 |
In Zaire. in 2000 had 9M members. per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.150 |
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Cru (Campus Crusade for Christ) |
1951- |
Started by Bill and Vonette Bright 101K students in 2,300 locations across the USA |
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Gustavo Guitierrez & Liberation Theology |
|
1950's-1971- |
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British Salvation Army evangelist Gipsy Smith |
1889-1949 |
In major U.S. cities for 50 years, per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.145 |
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Amy Carmichael Protestant missionary to Tamil Nadu, India for 55 years |
|
1884-1951 |
Rescued young girls and boys from Hindu temple prostitution and founded an orphanage. Founded a Protestant religious order called Sisters of the Common Life. |
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Samuel Zwemer. Reform missionary, who called Islam “the Calvinism of the Orient” |
|
1890-1952 |
Emphasized the precious blood of Christ and the Trinity. While < 12 converts in 40 years, but the churches he founded in the Mideast still live on. |
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Rev. Moon’s Divine Principle (Unification Church) |
508 |
1954- |
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L. Ron Hubbard and the Church of Scientology |
|
1954- |
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Lewis Sperry Chafer, dispensationalist |
|
1896-1952 |
A founder of Dallas Theological Seminary and its first president |
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Methodist John R. Mott |
1986-1955 |
Worked in the SVM. A founder World Missionary Conference (1910) and the World Council of Churches (1948) |
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Agnostic then Episcopal priest James Pike |
1944-1958 |
Left the Episcopal church in 1969. |
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Castro in Cuba kills many Christians |
1959 |
Many die shouting “Long live Christ the king” per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.244 |
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Reformed heretic Karl Neibuhr |
1915-1960 |
Preached the Social Gospel. Founded the Fellowship of Socialist Christians. Wrote 20 books and 1,500 articles. |
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W.E. Sangster, Methodist revivalist |
1939-1960 |
Methodist evangelist, against religious compromise in Methodism. |
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Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) |
|
1962 |
Accepts Protestants as "separated brethren" |
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|
In N. Nigeria 30K Ibo Christians killed by Muslims |
1966 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.244 |
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|
Nestorian schism in the Assyrian Church |
|
1968 |
Ancient Church of the East split from the Assyrian Church of the East |
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In Cambodia 10K Protestants and 40K Catholics killed |
1970 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.244 |
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|
In Uganda Idi Amin kills 300K Christians |
1971 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.245 |
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|
Chicago Statement of Biblical Inerrancy (Norm Geisler and R.C. Sproul two of its authors) |
|
1978 |
|
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E.J.H. Nash Higher Life |
|
1927-1982 |
Over 7K boys attended his camps |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament (DTS published) Partial: only up to page 270. |
270 |
1983 |
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C.S. Lewis (Anglican, believed theistic evolution, prayed for the dead) |
|
1898-1963 |
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A.W. Tozer, C&MA pastor and writer |
|
1919-1963 |
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Josh McDowell, evangelist & author of over 150 books |
1964- |
Ministry started in 1964. Evidence that Demands a Verdict, More than a Carpenter |
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Paul Tillich Liberal Lutheran “God is love” |
|
1951-1963 |
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Word Mission Society Church of God (=Church of Ahnsahnghong, =Elohists) (2 million) |
|
1964- |
Believes in a heavenly Father and heavenly mother. Founded by Ahnsahnghong, who said he was the incarnation of heavenly father. Have to keep O.T. feasts. |
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Albert Switzer, liberal Christian and medical missionary |
1901-1965 |
Writes about the quest for the historical Jesus |
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|
Chuck Smith starts Calvary Chapel, 17,000 churches |
1965- |
|
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|
Catholic charismatic renewal begins |
1967- |
World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.163 |
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Children of God / The Family starts in Huntington Beach, CA |
1968- |
Have sex with potential converts. Aided by Spirit helpers such as Aphrodite, Elvis, Marilyn Monroe, Richard Nixon, and Winston Churchill (from Wikipedia) |
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|
Henry Emerson Fosdick (liberal preacher against inerrancy) |
|
1878-1969 |
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Hal Lindsey’s The Late Great Planet Earth |
1970 |
Revived interest in the end times |
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Insider (C5) Movement to Muslims (Qur'an & Mohammed from God too, rejects the Trinity) |
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1970's- |
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Chrislam, syncretistic religion in Nigeria |
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1970's- |
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Watchman Nee, Chinese writer. Imprisoned 20 years |
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1920-1972 |
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Aristotelian Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain |
1912-1973 |
Revived interest in Thomas Aquinas |
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Church Universal & Triumphant / Elizabeth Claire Prophet (New Age) |
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1975- |
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Shroud of Turin purportedly surrounding Christ |
1978 |
Later shown to be a fake done centuries ago |
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Jim Jones and Jonestown, Guyana kills 925 |
- 11/16/1978 |
Everyone in Jonestown was given red Kool-Aid with cyanide to drink. |
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William Barclay -skeptical that Jesus was God, not affirm the physical resurrection |
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1907-1978 |
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Albanian Mother Teresa of Calcutta, India |
1950-1979 |
Founder of the Sisters of Charity in India. Roman Catholic, pro-life, helped the poor. Rather than relieving pain thought that pain glorified God. |
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Jesus Film produced by Campus Crusade (now Cru) |
1979 |
106 languages, 275M viewers, 33M decisions. World Christian Trends AD 30 –AD 2200 p.171 |
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Human knowledge expanding at 200 million words per hour |
1981 |
World Christian Trends AD 30 –AD 2200 p.173 |
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Apparition of Mary of Medjugorje in Bosnia |
1981 |
Among other things she told people to study the book Poem of the God-Man. This is on the Roman Catholic list of forbidden books because it has heretical doctrine. Catholic church only approved her in 2019 by Pope Francis. |
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In Peru 50 AOG killed, 800 Quechua Christian leaders killed by Shining Path guerillas |
1981 |
Part per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.245 |
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Andrew B. Murray and Shepherd’s Chapel |
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1985-2014– |
Modalists, serpent seed doctrine, pre-existence of souls, British Israelism, Christian Identity Movement, deny the rapture, Annihilationism |
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David and Ruth Adenay, missionaries to China |
1934-1994 |
Protestant CIM missionaries to Henan and east China. Founded center in Singapore |
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Hebrew Roots Movement |
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1994- |
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Charles Hartshorne, process theologian, Ontological argument. |
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wrote 1923-1995 |
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Paul van Buren Death of God theological |
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1957-1998 |
“Christian atheist” and Episcopal priest who studied under Karl Barth. |
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Buddhist persecution in Myanmar/Burma |
2000- |
Buddhist government persecutes both Christians and Muslims |
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Hindus persecute Christians Orissa province India |
Aug 2008- |
300+ churches burned, 400+ killed after Maoists kill Hindu Swami Laxmananand |
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Hans Kung, liberal Roman Catholic theologian |
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1954-2013 |
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70 million Christians martyred |
35-July 2014 |
per David B. Barrett of World Christian Encyclopedia |
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John Stott, British Anglican evangelical |
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1966-2011 |
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Alvin Plantinga (Christian philosopher) |
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1957- |
Modal Ontological argument, nature of evil, Molinist. Taught at Calvin College and Notre Dame |
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David (Paul) Yonggi Cho of South Korea |
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1958- |
830K-member church. Emphasized prayer and cell groups. Controversial because he said the Son controls the 2nd dimension, the Spirit the 4th. |
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Catholic Charismatic Renewal (ICCRO) |
1972- |
72 million members in 1990, per World Christian Trends AD 30 –AD 2200 p.30 |
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Estimated 1.4 billion Christians |
1975 |
World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.642. 34% of 4.08 billion world population |
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Gabriel Olasojji World Evangelism (GOWE) in Nigeria |
1976- |
Crusades in 25 nations by 1988. per World Christian Trends AD 30 –AD 2200 p.169 |
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Liberal theologian John AT Robinson |
1946-1983 |
Wanted to synthesize Paul Tillich and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Universal salvation: Christ remains on the cross as long as one sinner remains in Hell. Studied NT manuscripts and concluded early dates. |
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Cai Sujuan, The Queen of the Dark Chamber |
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1920-1984 |
Suffered persecution, malaria, Japanese camp. Her book translated into 30 languages. |
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Francis Shaeffer |
1922-1984 |
Wrote How Then Shall We Live? Found the L’Abri Community |
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Karl Rahner |
1929-1984 |
One of the foremost Catholic theologians of the 20th century. Sexpert advisor at Vatican II. Wrote 4,000 works plus a 10-volumn encyclopedia |
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Catholic theologian Bernard Lonergan |
1936-1984 |
Aristotelian, Thomist theologian |
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Apollo Quiboloy, from the Philippines |
1985- |
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In Nigeria Fulani kill Christians |
1987 |
4 dead |
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In Sudan 1K Dinka Christians burned to death by Muslims |
1987 |
per World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200 p.245 |
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Adrienne von Speyr and (scribe) Roman Catholic priest Hans Urs von Balthasar |
1929-1988 |
Adrienne was a mystic who dictated to Balthasar. Balthasar was one of the more important 20th century Catholic theologians. He wrote at least 85 books 500 articles, 15 volumes on beauty |
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J. Vernon Magee (DTS graduate) |
1949-1988 |
Through the Bible in 100 languages and 160 countries. |
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Wang Ming Dao. Imprisoned 1955-1979 |
1923-1991 |
Abdicated Christianity but came back. Wrote A Stone Made Smooth |
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Johan Heyns |
1954-1994 |
Afrikaner Calvinist theologian and synod moderator. Declared the apartheid is a sin. He was assassinated by pro-Apartheid people. |
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Witness Lee, started the local church |
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1949-1997 |
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Over 5 billion have seen the Jesus film |
-1998 |
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George Hunston Williams, Unitarian heretic |
1941-2000 |
Historian of Socinian Unitarians |
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Estimated 2 billion Christians |
2000 |
World Christian Trends AD 30 – AD 2200 p.642. 33% of 6.06 billion world population |
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R.J Rushdoonie, father of Christian home-schooling |
1944-2001 |
Orthodox Presbyterian. Father of Christian Reconstructionism |
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English Standard Version Bible published by Crossway |
2001 |
Based on the 1971 RSV |
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W.A. Criswell, Southern Baptist |
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1928-2002 |
Long-time pastor and founder of Criswell Bible College |
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John Walvoord. DTS Dispensationalist, DTS President 1952-1986 |
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1936-2002 |
Editor of the Bible Knowledge Commentary. Did much to promote Dispensationalism and Premillennialism. Author of 30 books |
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Canaan Banana, ex-Methodist pastor, 1st president of Zimbabwe. Wrote The Gospel According to the Ghetto. |
1962-2003 |
Liberation theology. “When I see a guerilla I see Jesus.” He served 6 months in jail for homosexuality. Active in the World Council of Churches and the Org. of African Unity. |
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Stephen Olford (Plymouth Brethren / Baptist) |
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1945-2004 |
Sermons broadcast worldwide. Heavily influenced Billy Graham, Adrian Rogers, Charles Stanley, and Jim Elliot. |
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Billy Graham (southern Baptist minister) |
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1947-2005 |
Preached live to 210 million in 185 countries. Against racial segregation. |
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Henry Morris, a founder of ICR |
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1942-2006 |
Young earth Creationist and a founder of Institute for Creation Research |
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Charles Ryrie DTS Dispensationalist |
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1953-2006 |
Systematic Theologian |
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Dominican heretic Edward Scillebeeckx |
1943-2009 |
Denied the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ |
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Joel Beeke and Mark Jones (Reformed) |
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-2012 |
Book Puritan Theology |
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William Hamilton |
1952-2012 |
Prominent in the “Christian atheism” movement |
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Dave Hunt |
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1973-2013 |
Good materials on end times and Roman Catholicism. Taught Calvinism is a heresy. |
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Still Waters Revival Books. Puritan hard drive |
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- |
Think believing free will exists is a heresy. Arminian worship is blasphemy |
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Douglas Kelley (Reformed) |
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2008, 2014 |
Systematic Theology |
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Jim and Elizabeth Elliot to the Huaorani (Aucas) |
1950-56/2015 |
Jim and 4 others martyred in Ecuador. Elizabeth continued the work. |
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In Nigeria Fulani herdsmen kill Christians |
May 2017-Oct 2017 |
709 Christians, 16 Muslims killed. 130 Christians injured. (5/11/2019) https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2018/april/nigeria-fulani-attack-catholic-church-benue-boko-haram.html |
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In Nigeria Fulani herdsmen kill Christians |
Nov 2017-May 2018- |
After law banning open grazing was passed, 580 Christians killed, 87K fled homes |
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Thomas J.J. Altizer |
1956-2018 |
Prominent in the “Christian atheism” movement |
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R.C. Sproul (Presbyterian apologist) |
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1969-2017 |
Books on defending the Bible, and Calvinism |
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Norm Geisler (Plymouth Brethren apologist) |
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1964-2019 |
Key author of Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy. Like Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas. |
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Paul Knitter, former Catholic priest, now Universalist |
b.1939- |
Wrote “Without Buddha I could not be a Christian”. Criticized by Cardinal Ratzinger. |
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William Lane Craig. Expanded Cosmological argument. Molinist |
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1977- |
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John Piper, American Reformed Baptist |
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1946- |
A prominent reformed author and theologian. DesiringGod.org |
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Beth Moore, Bible teacher |
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1978- |
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Southern Baptist pastor Rick Warren. The Purpose Driven Life and … Church |
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1979- |
Gives 90% of income to the church and lives off 10%. Controversy because he agreed to do Obama’s Inauguration Ceremony |
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Alister McGrath |
1982- |
Northern Irish Anglican priest. A Christian evolutionist who debates against atheism. |
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William Dembski |
1988- |
Wrote Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science & Theology |
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Conservative Protestant: Alistair Begg, Don Carson, Sinclair Ferguson, Gary Habermas, June Hunt, Greg Laurie, John Warwick Montgomery, David Jeremiah, J.I. Packer, Lee Strobel, Chuck Swindoll, Bible Churches, Southern Baptist, Missionary Baptist, Charismatic, Free Evangelical, Calvary Chapel, C&MA, Antioch Community Church. (600 million) |
- |
c.1517- |
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Modern Eastern Orthodox (200 million) |
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1672- |
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Modern Roman Catholic (1.29 billion) |
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1962- |
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Messianic Jews. Int’l Assoc. of Messianic Congregations & Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations |
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1960's- |
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COVID-19 greatly affects how churches services held |
3/2020- |
In California at one point, churches could not open, but casinos and bars could. |
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Global United Methodist Church splits from the UMC. |
3/3/2022 |
Split over LGBTQ clergy and members and same-sex marriage. |
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Christian writer, heretic, or Bible manuscript |
Pages |
Date A.D. |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
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www.Biblequery.org/History/ChurchHistory/SecondGreatAwakeningBlankGrid.html. References at www.Biblequery.org/History/ChurchHistory/WhatNiceaToEphesusChristiansTaughtOnDoctrine.html.
by Steven M. Morrison, PhD. If you find what you think are any omissions or errors, please email webmaster@biblequery.org
Counts of events
265 years Pre-Nicea I (-325 A.D.) 269 entries, including 17 missions, 22 non-Christian persecutions, 11 spurious works, and 36 spiritual counterfeits, 92 authors, 78 Bible copies
Apostolic period until Irenaeus 188 A.D. – 67 entries (68-1)
Irenaeus 188 A.D. until Decian persecution 251 A.D. – 74 entries (78-5)
Decian persecution until the Council of Nicea I (252-325 A.D.) - 128 entries (133-4)
106 years The Council of Nicea until the Council of Ephesus (325-431 A.D.) 284 entries, including 8 missions, 12.5 non-Christian persecutions, 8 spurious works and 29.5 spiritual counterfeits, 65 Bible copies
Council of Nicea I 325 A.D. to the death of Athanasius of Alexandria 373 A.D – 109 entries
After Athanasius 374 A.D. to the death of Siricius 399 A.D. – 64 (65-1) entries
After Siricius 399 A.D. first Roman bishop to call himself Pope until the Council of Ephesus 431 A.D. – 111 entries
203 years The Council of Ephesus until start of Muslim conquests (431-634 A.D.) 284 entries, including 14.5 missions, 13.5 non-Christian persecutions, 8 spurious works, and 26 spiritual counterfeits
Council of Ephesus 431 A.D. to the Council of Chalcedon 451 A.D. - 70 entries
After the Council of Chalcedon to the Council of Constantinople II 553 A.D. – 153 entries
After the Council of Constantinople II 553 A.D until the start of Muslim conquests 636 A.D. – 61 entries
581 years Start of Muslim conquests until the Fourth Lateran Council (634-1215) 291 entries, including 21 missions, 21 non-Christian persecutions, 8 spurious works, and 17 spiritual counterfeits
Start of Muslim conquests 634 A.D. to Donation of Constantine fraud 800 A.D. – 99 entries
Donation of Constantine fraud 800 A.D. until the Great Schism 1053 A.D. – 109 entries
Great Schism of 1053 until the 4th Lateran Council (1215 A.D.) – 83 entries
302 years Fourth Lateran Council until Martin Luther’s 95 Theses (1215-1517) 190 entries, including 19.5 missions, 23 non-Christian persecutions, 1 spurious work, and 6.5 spiritual counterfeits
4th Lateran Council of 1215 until Thomas Aquinas 1274 A.D. – 36 entries
Thomas Aquinas 1274 A.D. until Jan Hus burned at the stake 1415 A.D. – 92 entries
Jan Hus burned at the stake (1415 A.D) until Martin Luther’s 95 Theses (1517) – 68 entries
323 years Martin Luther’s 95 Theses (1517) until 2nd Great Awakening (1517-1840) 287 entries, 19.5 missions, 23.5 persecutions, 0 spurious works, and 26.5 spiritual counterfeits
After Martin Luther’s 95 Theses until the 30 Years War in 1648 A.D. – 165 entries
End of the 30 Years War in 1648 A.D. until 2nd Great Awakening 1840 A.D. – 122 entries
182 years 2nd Great Awakening onwards (1840-) 314 entries, including 48.5 missions, 57.5 persecutions, 0 spurious works, and 54 spiritual counterfeits
2nd Great Awakening 1840 A.D. until The Fundamentals in 1895 A.D. – 100 entries
The Fundamentals in 1895 until the founding of the World Council of Churches in 1948 A.D. – 105 entries
From the World Council of Churches in 1948 to the present – 111 entries
Currently 1,919 total.
People not included yet
John Goch of Malines (c.1482). Called Thomas Aquinas “the prince of error”. “The canonical scriptures alone are entitled to a sure confidence.”
John Lallier of Sorbonne, France ca.1484 The Romish church is not the head of other churches. It is a money-getting church. We are not bound to believe in the legends of the saints, any more than in the Chronicles of France.
John Hilten (prior to Luther) Wrote commentaries on Daniel and Revelation. Wrote the end of the world would come in 1651.
Andrew Proles (prior to Luther) Head of the Augustinian order
Richard Woodman plus 9 others -June 1557 Protestants burned at the stake by the Roman Catholic Church in Lewes, Sussex, England
David Brainerd 1742-1747 Presbyterian missionary to Indians in NY and Pa. New Light Movement. Suffered from tuberculosis, depression, and malnourishment. Inspiration for Carey and others.
Simon Greenleaf 1783-10/6/1853 1846: wrote The Testimony of the Evangelists Examined by the Rules of Evidence Administered in Courts of Justice
Jabez Bunting -1801-1858 Methodist revivalist and advocate of foreign missions and power to Methodist conferences
Phoebe Palmer 1837-1874 Methodist speaker and writer of “entire sanctification” A founder of the holiness movement.
Hugh Price Hughes (1869-1902) Influential Welsh Methodist orator who founded the West London Methodist Mission. Methodist Times newspaper.
Gordon Clark 1929-1985 Monergistic Calvinist. Refused to join PCA. 40 books.
John Romanides (Orthodox) 1956-2001 Taught Theosis and rejected Augustine of Hippo
Michael Pomazansky (Greek Orthodox)
Boris Bobrinskoy
Alexios Karakallinus
John Howard and Elizabeth Fry for conditions for prisoners
Howel Harris
Daniel Rowland
No free will: Patrick Hamilton, Ridley,
Peter Heylin Arminian historian
Conclusions on different groups, relatively speaking:
Marcionites, Valentinians, Sethians, and Hermetic Gnostics are closer to Christianity than Greco-Roman or Egyptian mythology
Marcionites, Valentinians, Sethians, and Hermetic Gnostics are closer to Christianity than Vedic, Vedantic, or folk Hinduism, modern Hare Krishna, or Mandaeans
Islam and Baha’i are closer to Christianity than Marcionites, Valentinians, Sethians, and Hermetic Gnostics
Judaism is closer to Christianity than Marcionites, Valentinians, Sethians, and Hermetic Gnostics
Bardesenes were closer to Christianity that Judaism
Ebionites are closer to Christianity than Judaism
It is difficult to compare closeness of Ebionites vs. Bardesenes to Christianity
Arians are closer to Christianity than Ebionites.
Nestorians and Monophysites are both closer to orthodox Christianity than any of the preceding
It is difficult to compare closeness to Christianity of Ebionites vs. Encratites, because they differ from Christianity in fundamentally different ways.`